Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of rectal prolapse (2022 edition) / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Surgery is currently the only cure for rectal prolapse. Standardized preoperative evaluation and appropriate selection of surgical methods are crucial to the outcome of rectal prolapse surgery. With the development of a series of clinical studies in China and abroad, transabdominal surgery (such as ventral mesh fixation) and transperineal (anal) surgery (such as Altemeier surgery) have been widely recognized. Precise preoperative assessment of rectal prolapse and appropriate selection of surgical approaches has important clinical value in reducing postoperative recurrence rates and surgical-related complications. However, the current rectal prolapse assessment system needs to be improved, and the choice of surgical procedures remains controversal. To guide the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with rectal prolapse in China, nationwide specialists of colorectal and pelvic floor surgery have been organized by the of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Anorectal Branch, the Pelvic Floor Surgery Committee, and Clinical Guidelines Committee. Experts have conducted rounds of discussions on the core content of standardized diagnosis and surgical treatment for rectal prolapse, and jointly formulated the "Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of rectal prolapse (2022)". We hope that this consensus will provide useful resources for the colorectal and pelvic floor surgeons, and promote the standardization of diagnosis and surgical treatment for the rectal prolapse in China.

Outcome of Fecal Incontinence in Patients with Rectal Prolapse Undergoing the Altemeier Procedure with or without Posterior Levatorplasty / Desfecho de incontinência fecal em pacientes com prolapso retal submetidos ao procedimento de Altermeier com ou sem levatorplastia posterior

Abstract Objective To compare the fecal incontinence status of patients submitted to theAltemeier procedure with or without posterior levatorplasty. Materials and Methods Medical records of the patients who underwent the Altemeier procedure at Shahid Faghihi Hospital (in Shiraz, Iran) from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively studied. Patients older than 17 years of age who underwent the Altemeier procedure due to complete rectal prolapse were considered. In some cases, the operation was performed with posterior levatorplasty. Rectal prolapse due to collagen or connective tissue disorders, anal/sacral anomalies, immunodeficiency, history of rectal surgery, and pelvic radiotherapy were the exclusion criteria of the present study. In addition to the demographics (including age, gender, and body mass index), the fecal incontinence status of each case was determined through theWexner scale preoperatively and 12 months after the surgery. The incontinence scores were then compared against the baseline values of the two groups of patients: those with and those without posterior levatorplasty. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US), software, version 21. Results In total, 53 patients (17 men and 36 women) with a mean age of 55.23 ± 18.24 years were analyzed. The comparison of the pre- and postoperative scores on theWexner scale between the two groups revealed no statistically significant difference (p >0.05). Conclusion Posterior levatorplasty during the Altemeier procedure did not result in significant improvement of the fecal incontinence outcome of the patients.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar o status de incontinência fecal de pacientes após o procedimento de Altemeier com e sem levatorplastia posterior. Materiais e métodos Os prontuários médicos dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Altemeier no Shahid Faghihi Hospital (em Shiraz, Irã) entre 2014 e 2018 foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Pacientes com idade superior a 17 anos submetidos ao procedimento de Altemeier devido a prolapso retal completo foram considerados. Em alguns casos, a operação foi realizada com levatorplastia posterior. Prolapso retal devido a distúrbios de colágeno ou do tecido conjuntivo, anomalias anais/sacrais, imunodeficiência, histórico de cirurgia retal, e radioterapia pélvica foram os critérios de exclusão deste estudo. Além dos dados demográficos (incluindo idade, sexo, e índice de massa corporal), o status da incontinência fecal de cada caso foi determinado por meio da escala de Wexner antes e doze meses após a cirurgia. Então, as pontuações de incontinência foram comparadas aos valores de referência dos dois grupos de pacientes: com e sem levatorplastia posterior. A análise estatística foi feita usandose o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA), versão 21. Resultados No total, 53 pacientes (17 homens e 36 mulheres) com idade média de 55.23 ± 18.24 anos foramavaliados. A comparação entre os grupos das pontuações na escala de Werner no pré e pós-operatório não revelou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0.05). Conclusão Levatorplastia superior durante o procedimento de Altemeier não resultou em melhora significativa do desfecho da incontinência fecal dos pacientes.

Rectosigmoidectomía perineal: alternativa quirúrgica inevitable en el prolapso rectal total irreductible / Perineal rectosigmoidectomy: one surgical alternative for complete and non reducible rectal prolapse

El prolapso rectal es la protrusión circunferencial de todo el espesor de las paredes del recto a través del esfínter anal. Cuando es irreductible y con estados de comorbilidad significativos asociados se plantea la opción del abordaje perineal al abdominal. Una serie de 6 pacientes a los que se le practicó una rectosigmoidectomia perineal, en el contexto de taras clínicas importantes indica que este abordaje es válido para solucionar quirúrgicamente el prolapso con una tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad bajas.

The rectal prolapse is the circumferential protrusion of the entire thickness of the rectal wall through the anal sphincter. When it is irreductible and with significant morbidity an option of the perineal approach is preferred over the abdominal approach. A series of six patients who have undergone perineal rectosigmoidectomy, in situations of major clinical conditions, indicates that this approach is valid to resolve surgically the prolapse, with a low morbidity and mortality outcome.

Técnica de Lomas-Cooperman en el paciente senil con prolapso rectal completo / Lomas-Cooperman technique for the treatment of complete rectal prolapse in the elderly

Propósito: Existen múltiples procedimientos quirúrgicos para tratar el prolapso rectal completo (PRC). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados inmediatos y alejados de la técnica de Lomas- Cooperman en el manejo del PRC sintomático en pacientes seniles portadores de graves enfermedades asociadas. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con PRC intervenidos quirúrgicamente en un período de 13 años, mediante la inserción de un trozo de malla de polipropileno por vía perineal que rodea completamente el canal anal. Resultados: Se trata de 22 pacientes (20 mujeres) con un promedio de edad de 84 años (extremos 72-93) y graves patologías asociadas. Se usó en todos anestesia regional con un tiempo operatorio promedio de 35 min (extremos 20-60). La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue de 4,5 días (extremos 2-17). La morbilidad global fue 32 por ciento, siendo la infección urinaria la complicación más frecuente (18 por ciento). El seguimiento promedio fue de 32 meses (extremos 4-84), durante el cual se pesquisa 4 casos (18 por ciento) de exteriorización de la malla que requirió recorte en forma ambulatoria. Dos pacientes presentan una recidiva del PRC, uno de los cuales se maneja con un nuevo cerclaje con evolución satisfactoria. De este modo la recidiva en cuanto a intención de tratamiento alcanza al 4,5 por ciento. El ensuciamiento anal disminuyó del 73 al 32 por ciento de los pacientes y globalmente en el 86 por ciento de los casos hubo alguna mejoría en relación a la continencia. Conclusión: El cerclaje anal con la técnica de Lomas- Cooperman es un procedimiento quirúrgico simple, reproducible, de morbilidad aceptable y con baja recidiva que está indicado en pacientes seniles con alto riesgo quirúrgico.

The Significance of Bladder Trabeculation in the Female Lower Urinary System: An Objective Evaluation by Urodynamic Studies

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bladder trabeculation, urinary function, and the stage of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The medical records of 104 patients with POP who underwent cystoscopies and urodynamic studies were reviewed retrospectively. Age, incidence of detrusor instability, stage and site of POP, and the parameters of urodynamic studies of patients with and without bladder trabeculation were compared. The difference in the incidence of bladder trabeculation was estimated between patients with and without a suspected bladder outlet obstruction. There were significant differences in the patients' age, stage of POP, and maximal voiding velocity. Patients with a suspected bladder outlet obstruction had a significantly higher incidence of bladder trabeculation. In addition, patients with advanced stages of POP were also found to have a higher incidence of bladder trabeculation.

Síndrome de la úlcera solitaria del recto / Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome

El síndrome de úlcera solitaria del recto es una entidad poco frecuente, caracterizada por una alteración de la dinámica defecatoria. Se presenta habitualmente entre la tercera y cuarta década, con igual distribución en ambos sexos, la forma de presentación incluye el antecedente de constipación crónica, rectorragia, pujo y tenesmo. Dentro del diagnóstico diferencial destaca el tumor rectal. El estudio de esta patología incluye rectoscopia, defecografía e histología, dando este último el diagnóstico definitivo. El tratamiento es médico-quirúrgico reservándose este último para los casos más severos. Se presentan 5 casos tratados en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital San Juan de Dios entre los años 1989 y 1999, todos confirmados con diagnóstico histopatológico, realizándose un estudio descriptivo en cuanto a su presentación clínica, su estudio y su tratamiento

Causas más frecuentes de incontinencia fecal en nuestro medio / Most frequent causes of fecal incontinence in our environment

The objective of this piece of work was to assess the most frequent causes of fecal incontinence in our environment. 204 patients undergoing fecal incontinence of various types of severity were evaluated and later referred to "motilidad digestiva" department of Gastroenterology floor of Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin, in an eight year span of time, 58 male (28.43 per cent) and 146 female (71.56 per cent) of an average age of 56 years. Every patient underwent a serious anamnesis, a proctologic examination, anoscopy, a rectosigmoid study, an anorectal manometry, and, a preventive electromyography was performed to those patients with a possible neurologic damage. The most frequent cause of incontinence was idiopathic 37.7 per cent, followed by post surgery (19.6 per cent) and rectal prolapse (13.7 per cent), post menopause (11.2 per cent), post delivery (9.8 per cent), Neurogenic Incontinence (4.9 per cent) and Traumatic Incontinence (2.9 per cent). Doctor's performance may prevent some of the causes of incontinence.

Rupture of the rectosigmoid colon with evisceration of the small bowel through the anus

Spontaneous rupture of the rectosigmoid colon and herniation of the small intestine through the rupture site and eventual evisceration through the anus is a very rare event. In the literature, only 42 cases have been reported. The majority of them occurred in patients with rectal prolapse and one case was reported in association with a third-degree uterine prolapse. We experienced an 81-year-old female patient with rectal prolapse and second-degree uterine prolapse complicated by spontaneous perforation of the rectosigmoid colon and anal evisceration of the small intestine. Segmental resection of the nonviable small intestine, primary repair of the ruptured rectosigmoid colon, and sigmoid loop colostomy were performed, and the patient recovered well. In our patient, both rectal and uterine prolapses cooperatively damaged the anterior wall of the rectosigmoid colon and resulted in perforation. So, rectal and uterine prolapses should be treated before the complication develops. In this patient, uterine prolapse should be treated because of the recurrence of this rare episode.

Evisceraçäo do intestino delgado através de perfuraçäo de prolapso retal em uma criança / Evisceration of the small intestine through the rectal prolapse perforation in children

The rectal prolapse is very common in children under 3 years old. Rectal mucosae herniated in to the anal canal. The ethiologic causes are diarrhea, intestinal parasitosis, obstipation and desnutrition. The effort during the defecation, prolonged diarrhea and obstipation are important contribucting factors. The treatment in the majority of cases is medical treating factors like desnutrition, diarrheia and parasitosis. The authors report a case of a 3-month-old child with chronic diarrhea, severe desnutrition and recurrent rectal prolapse with perforation hole. This is a rare complication and considerations are made regarding the management of the case

Indicaciones y resultados del cerclaje anal en el tratamiento del prolapso rectal completo / Indications and results of anal cerclage in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse

Se revisan los resultados de la técnica del cerclaje anal modificado en el tratamiento del prolapso rectal completo (PRC). En un período de 10 años se intervinieron 14 pacientes, 13 mujeres, con un promedio etario de 81,5 años. Las indicaciones de la técnica fueron la senilidad avanzada en 6 pacientes y graves enfermedades asociadas en 8, 4 de ellas con PRC recidivado luego de una pexia abdominal. En los primeros 6 casos se utilizó como material protésico una cinta de Mersilene Nº 5 y en el resto la técnica de Lomas-Cooperman. Cinco de las 7 pacientes en control tienen un período de observación superior a los 4 años. En los controles se pesquisa una recurrencia y se constata una mejoría franca de la continencia en la mitad de los casos. El cerclaje anal es una técnica simple de baja morbilidad que está indicada en aquellos pacientes con PRC de alto riesgo quirúrgico no aptos para una cirugía mayor

Prolapso rectal / Rectal prolapse

Se describe el prolapso rectal en sus distintas variedades, destacando los factores anatómicos y desencadenantes que participan en su desarrollo. Se analiza la presentación clínica y métodos de estudio que permiten el diagnóstico de esta patología y, finalmente, se presenta una revisión de las modalidades terapéuticas empleadas, haciendo énfasis en las distintas técnicas quirúrgicas propuestas

Colitis quistica profunda / Colitis cystica profound

Se presentan 3 casos de colitis quística profunda mencionándose los signos y síntomas que motivaron la consulta, los estudios efectuados y la terapéutica realizada. Se revisa la bibliografía, analizando etiología, patogénesis, diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta entidad, para finalmente concluir en que la colitis es una manifestación de una enfermedad que incluye el síndrome de la úlcera solitaria y al prolapso interno de recto

L'ulcere solitaire du rectum: [a propos de deux cas]

Solitary ulcer rectal syndrom is a clinico-pathology entity with histo-pathological features can be recognized in biopsy taken from solitary ulcer rectal syndrom is not an idiopathic or autonomous disease. It is probably due to mucosal microtraumas with complete rectal prolaps by pubo-rectal muscular insufficiency

Ruptured rectal prolapse

Rectal prolapse is not a common surgical disorder. The complication reported here, of evisceration of small bowel through a prolapsed rectum, is extremely rare and is the first case reported in the West Indies. Someof the features of rectal prolapse are described, and the surgical management ofthis particular complication is discussed